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Human & Experimental Toxicology, Vol. 24, No. 5, 235-242 (2005)
DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht514oa

Reviews

Alterations in protein kinase A signalling and cleft palate: a review

Chada S Reddy

Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA reddyc{at}missouri.edu

Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger mediating the actions of many hormones and other ligands in a variety of cells. Cells of the developing organism are no exception. Once generated, it releases the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) from the inhibitory influence of its regulatory subunit, which then migrates into the nucleus to phosphorylate and enhance the binding of relevant transcription factors to the promoter element CRE of genes involved in above cellular responses. This review summarizes the available data on the essential role of this pathway in embryonic development as well as the functionality, ontogeny and consequences of genetic and chemical disruption of this pathway in the developing orofacial structures, especially the secondary palate as influenced by the mycotoxin, secalonic acid D.

Key Words: cleft palate • cyclic AMP • protein kinase A • secalonic acid D


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C. S Reddy
Protein kinase C and chemical-induced abnormal palate development
Human and Experimental Toxicology, April 1, 2005; 24(4): 203 - 214.
[Abstract] [PDF]